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Lactose intolerance is a common digestive problem where the body cannot digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. This condition occurs when the small intestine doesn't produce enough of an enzyme called lactase.

Fig 1. Lactase breaking down lactose

Lactase is essential because it breaks down lactose into two simpler sugars: glucose and galactose. These simpler sugars are then absorbed into the bloodstream. When lactase is insufficient, lactose remains undigested in the intestine. Undigested lactose then travels to the colon, where bacteria ferment it, causing symptoms like bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

It’s important to note that lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy, which involves the immune system and can cause severe reactions. Lactose intolerance mainly affects the digestive system and can vary in severity from person to person. Some individuals may tolerate small amounts of lactose, while others may need to avoid it completely.

Managing lactose intolerance typically involves dietary changes, such as reducing or eliminating dairy products and using lactase supplements to aid digestion.